To clarify the specific α-synuclein species that serve as the inflammatory signals and elucidate the molecular mechanisms through which these signals are transduced to immune and neuronal responses, we performed a series of genetic and biochemical analyses in the striatum of adult A53T α-synuclein transgenic mice (A53T Tg), a PD model with neuron-specific moderate expression of the human A53T α-synuclein variant under the control of the prion promoter [21, 22]. The gene discussed is SNCA; the disease is Parkinson disease.