To contextualise the ODS model’s performance, deep learning and radiomics have shown similar success in other pathologies, achieving AUCs of 0.9032, 0.7233, 0.8334, 0.7635 and 0.7236 in differentiating lung metastases, predicting lymph node metastasis in breast cancer, classifying lymph nodes in lung cancer, predicting human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status in breast cancer and improving lung cancer diagnosis, respectively. Here, ERBB2 is linked to lung carcinoma.