In the enrichment analysis, all subnetworks were enriched with breast cancer related terms such as ‘Breast Carcinoma’, ‘Mammary Neoplasms’, ‘Malignant neoplasm of breast’ and malignancies in the DisGeNet database [49], indicating the biological specificity of the identified subnetworks for breast tissue and breast cancer and a significant perturbation of protein networks in breast cancer and the ERK5/MEK5 signalling pathway (Fig. 3A and Extended Data Supplementary Table 3). The gene discussed is MAP2K5; the disease is breast carcinoma.