WGCNA analysis identified a significant positive correlation between ROS pathway-related genes and CSE exposure, but that this correlation was inhibited by miR-23a-5p mimics or RAGE siRNA (Fig. 5G, H), suggesting that ROS signaling downstream of miR-23a-5p/RAGE may contribute to COPD pathogenesis. This evidence concerns the gene AGER and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.