VEGFA and Moyamoya disease: Fujimura et al. [32] and Young et al. [33] have reviewed the signaling cascade reactions and histology associated with moyamoya angiopathy, indicating an increase in transforming growth factor (TGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in moyamoya angiopathy patients [34].