From the talks in Pisa a number of studies included the use of bodily fluids, including to isolate EVs for stratification of patients in multiple sclerosis by Claudia Verderio, or by using blood samples to detect P2X7R and P2X4R in multiple sclerosis by Airi Rump, blood samples were also used to correlate disease progression in SARS-CoV-2 infection by Anna Lisa Giuliani and to detect P2X7R–induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation by Veronica Canovas as a biomarker in sepsis. Here, NLRP3 is linked to multiple sclerosis.