We observe an upregulation of genes involved in antiviral response pathways, including OAS1 that mediates RNase L pathway [57, 58], IFIT1, and APOE at the upper respiratory airway of COVID-19-infected Ghanaians compared with a relevant publicly available dataset (GSE166530) from an Indian COVID-19 cohort [9] (Figure 4). Here, RNASEL is linked to COVID-19.