Preclinical research focusing on NSCLC suggests that TTF induces immunogenic death of tumor cell, enhances antigen presentation of dendritic cells and leukocyte chemotaxis, and synergizes with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors to inhibit tumor growth (Giladi et al., 2014; Giladi et al., 2015; Karanam et al., 2017; Shteingauz et al., 2018; Voloshin et al., 2020). This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.