Ligorio et al. (2021) used a self-assembled peptide FEFKFEFK (F: phenylalanine; K: lysine; E: glutamic acid) to construct a hydrogel and tried to treat IDD with GO-loaded TGF-β3, clearly indicating that GO reinforces the mechanical structure of self-assembled peptides and enables TGF-β3 slowly release. In another study, Tang et al. (2022) used self-assembled peptides as hydrogel substrates and directly modified bioactive polypeptide fragments on self-assembled peptides. Here, TGFB3 is linked to intervertebral disk degenerative disorder.