Furthermore, SwissOF1- (OF1-) En1+/− mice exhibit a spontaneous and thoroughly characterized PD-like neuropathology which recapitulates PD in terms of mitochondrial deficits, axonal degeneration, α-Syn-positive aggregates, diminished dopamine release in the dorsal striatum along with progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc and a more subtle neurodegenerative phenotype in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), (Sonnier et al., 2007; Alvarez-Fischer et al., 2011; Fuchs et al., 2012; Nordström et al., 2015; Rekaik et al., 2015b; Chatterjee et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene EN1 and Parkinson disease.