T2D risk alleles at index SNVs showed a gradient of effects on insulin-related endophenotypes across clusters (Supplementary Text, Extended Data Fig. 4 and Supplementary Tables 10 and 11), representing a cline from insulin production and processing in the two beta-cell-dysfunction clusters through to insulin resistance that was most extreme in the lipodystrophy cluster. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.