This model was adjusted for factors including age, sex, Charlson comorbidity index, primary causes of CKD, smoking status, medications (ACEIs/ARBs, diuretics, statins, antiplatelets/anticoagulants), WHR, SBP, hemoglobin, albumin, total cholesterol, HDL-C, fasting glucose, 25(OH)D, hs-CRP, eGFR, spot urine ACR, and LVEF at baseline. Here, ALB is linked to chronic kidney disease.