In addition, several preclinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of the chemotherapeutic drug rifaximin in inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis in CRC experimental models by upregulating hPXR and suppressing the expression of various molecules such as VEGF, MMP-2, MMP-9, VEGFR-2, iNOS, p-Akt, p-mTOR, p-p70S6K, HIF-1α, p-p38MAPK, TNF-α, iNOS, IL-6, IL-10, and NF-κB [239, 241, 244]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and colorectal carcinoma.