In addition, experimental data have shown that 5-aza-dC treatment of renal cell carcinoma cell lines (ACHN, 786-O, and Caki-1) (10 μM for 96 h),6 colorectal cancer cell lines (2 μM for 96 h, with fluid changes every 24 h),8 glioblastoma cell lines (U251MG and Hs683) (1 μM for 72 h)9 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (KYSE30 and KYSE510)10 result in a significant elevation of DIRAS1 mRNA levels. Here, DIRAS1 is linked to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.