In a study using male and female rats, ethanol-fed female rats were found to have more severe liver injury as well as increased endotoxemia, lipid peroxidation, NF-kappa B activation, and upregulation of chemokines MCP-1 (CCL2) and MIP-2 (CXCL2) (56). Here, CCL2 is linked to serum lipopolysaccharide activity.