MAPK3 and cancer: Currently there are no reports about the behavior regarding presence and absence of pGLI1 along the different grade groups in prostate cancer tissues; however, pGLI1 is known to activate MAPK-ERK1/2 signaling in a SMO-independent manner that can be induced by stimulation of VEGFA secreted by cancer stromal cells in a paracrine manner in lung adenocarcinoma (13).