KC and recruited macrophages have been shown to play a massive role in the progression of NAFLD as they often display a pro-inflammatory phenotype (M1) secreting cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (Tnfα) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β)5–7. Here, TNF is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.