CCDC25 and neoplasm: These results suggest that the downregulation of CCDC25 in tumor tissues suppresses the expression of the downstream prometastatic signaling pathway to some extent, while the reduction in overall PAD4 expression can lead to a decrease in NETs formation, which further explains the reductions in B16F10 and 4T1 lung metastases in the VNP-shCCDC25 group.