SCFAs can also stimulate inflammatory vesicles by binding to GPR43 on intestinal mucosal epithelial cells (IECs), thus activating interleukin-18 (IL-18) downstream signaling, which is involved in repairing and maintaining the integrity of the intestinal epithelium and reducing the absorption of uremic toxins into the bloodstream in CKD patients [115]. Here, IL18 is linked to chronic kidney disease.