NFKB1 and renal fibrosis: Nrf 2 is a cellular defense factor responsible for encoding antioxidants, and its reduced activation has been observed to directly hinder the expression of pro-inflammatory NF-κB target genes [68], which subsequently exerts a protective effect by regulating uremic inflammation and enhancing antioxidant defenses, whereas the overproduction of ROS in the course of CKD reduces the activation of Nrf 2, which further exacerbates renal fibrosis, tubular injury and hypoxia in CKD patients [69].