GCs inhibit gonadotropin secretion, resulting in decreased production of estrogen and testosterone, as well as increased bone resorption, which consequently contributes to osteoporosis.284 Testosterone in hypogonadal men has been shown to prevent bone loss at the lumbar spine in GC-induced osteoporosis, while the selective estrogen-receptor modulator raloxifene decreased fractures in postmenopausal females.285 Regarding osteoporosis, GCs and estrogens have opposing actions on multiple signaling pathways. This evidence concerns the gene ESR1 and osteoporosis.