Ovariectomy-induced estrogen deficiency aggregated T1DM-induced expression of TNF-α in osteoporosis in female mice, suggesting that TNF-α may play a more important role in females than in males in T1DM-induced osteoporosis.302 Endogenous BMP-6 was shown to be reduced in male T1DM mice, which contributed to bone loss.303 Most studies on T1DM-induced osteoporosis are carried out using male animal models, so data on female animals are somewhat limited. Here, TNF is linked to osteoporosis.