Moving forward, larger-scale immune profiling across the spectrum of HIV-related immunosuppression is needed to establish conserved immunopathological mechanisms in SARS-CoV-2/HIV co-infection, define the role, if any, of synergistic antiviral strategies, and determine if therapeutic targeting of specific immune mediators (e.g., via anti-IL-6 or IL-1 receptor antagonists) has increased benefit in PLWH16. Here, IL6 is linked to coinfection.