CCL2 and in situ carcinoma: It has been found to be elevated in other studies of multiple sclerosis CSF [20–22], and has shown promise in predicting conversion from CIS to multiple sclerosis and future multiple sclerosis disease activity [22, 23]. Other markers that predicted multiple sclerosis versus control status in our study were chemokines/cytokines known to promote a pro-inflammatory milieu such as osteopontin, MCP1, CCL27, TNFR1 and soluble CD27.