CSF1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Wei et al. [146] identified a signaling pathway linking protein kinase C alpha (PKCα), the transcription factor ZPF64, and colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1), which plays a key role in polarization of TAMs towards an immunosuppressive M2 phenotype in the TME of HCC and resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy.