For instance, Fu et al. reported that a lower level of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase is related to the development of BPD and ROP in preterm infants.30,31 As for non-enzymatic antioxidants, vitamin A supplementation is known to lower the risk of chronic lung disease and severe ROP.32,33 However, our study did not show any significant relationship between TRX-1 levels after birth and the later development of BPD and ROP among EPIs. Here, TXN is linked to bronchopulmonary dysplasia.