TNF and Alzheimer disease: In addition, Hallmark gene sets by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) further demonstrated distinct enrichment of down-regulated gene sets associated with AD development such as apoptosis, coagulation, hypoxia, and p53 pathway, as well as inflammation response including complement, IL2 Stat5 signaling, TNF-alpha signaling via NF-κB (Fig. 2s).