Among all patients in the VHL-CNS-Hb cohort, even those who did not receive a particular surgery, mean annual costs for the surgical removal of VHL tumors ranged from $59 (laser therapy to the retina) to $9,297 (surgical removal of CNS-Hb), with average hospitalization costs among those patients who did receive surgery being highest for surgical removal of CNS-Hb ($94,439) and surgical removal of pNET tumors ($56,451; Table 4). This evidence concerns the gene GSTM1 and von Hippel-Lindau disease.