CSF3 and spontaneous abortion: In 2009, Scarpellini et al. used G-CSF for the first time in 86 women 217 with unexplained recurrent miscarriage and showed that 82% of women treated with G-CSF delivered a healthy 218 newborn compared to 48% of controls; in addition, in their study, G-CSF was 219 completely safe and not associated with any adverse maternal or neonatal outcomes [33].