For example, GIV has been shown to be important to maintain the nontransformed phenotype of epithelial cells by facilitating the maintenance of proper cell–cell junctions via G protein regulation (137, 138), whereas it also facilitates the acquisition of invasive phenotypes of cancer cells (e.g., cell migration) associated to the loss of epithelial phenotype (30, 75, 139). This evidence concerns the gene CCDC88A and cancer.