The molecular status was converted in the cohort into 55 cases of GBM, IDH-wildtype, grade 4; 32 cases of astrocytomas, IDH-mutant, grade 2/3/4; 27 cases of oligodendrogliomas, IDH-mutant, and 1p/19q-codeleted, grade 2/3; and 10 cases of other gliomas, including 4 cases of diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered (Supplementary Fig. 1). Here, IDH1 is linked to astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).