Zhang et al. (2021) found that gingival injection of Pg-LPS triggers Th17/Treg imbalance by activating the STAT3 signaling pathway, leading to cognitive impairment in mice. Among the observed changes, there was an upregulation in the expression of Th17-associated cytokines (IL-1β, IL-17A, IL-21, and IL-22). At the same time, a downregulation was noted in Treg-related cytokines (IL-2 and IL-10) both in peripheral blood and brain tissues. This shift resembles the immune imbalance observed in brain tissue of AD patients (Oberstein et al., 2018). Here, IL1B is linked to Alzheimer disease.