Vasculosuppressive factors include pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), which effectively inhibits TGF-β1-stimulated fibroblast activation and also inhibits the TGF-β1/smad pathway by up-regulating PPAR-γ activity, which promotes lung fibrosis (Qin et al., 2022). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and pulmonary fibrosis.