(II) B lymphocytes: B lymphocytes have a detrimental impact on the advancement of IPF, and there is an upregulation of genes associated with B-cell markers and distinct chemokines (including CXCL13, CXCR5, CCR6, and CCR7) in the lung tissues of individuals suffering from IPF (DePianto et al., 2015; Havenar-Daughton et al., 2016). This evidence concerns the gene CXCL13 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.