In multivariate logistic regression analysis, an HbA1c level of ≥5.7% was independently associated with an increased risk of maternal insulin use (aOR, 6.69; 95% CI, 3.44–12.99), macrosomia (aOR, 7.43; 95% CI, 1.90–29.00), and shoulder dystocia (aOR, 6.56; 95% CI, 1.161–37.032), after adjustments for maternal BMI at baseline (Table 3). This evidence concerns the gene INS and Large for gestational age.