1.Induce inflammatory cell invasion, resulting in airway inflammation, peribronchial collagen deposition, and airway hyperresponsiveness.2.Induce oxidative stress, leading to cell stress, desquamation, and cell death.3.Induce the production of IL−1α and IL-33 by epithelial cells and bone marrow cells.4.Direct damage to the epithelial barrier. Here, IL1A is linked to airway hyperresponsiveness.