TNF and neoplasm: Increases the number of cytotoxic immune cells (CD8+ T cells and M1 macrophages); decreases the number of pro-tumor immune cells (CD3+ T cells, Tregs, and M2 macrophages); upregulates IL-1β, IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-10 expression; downregulates PD-L1 expression