The chemokines CSF-1 (also known as M-CSF), CSF-2 (also known as GM-CSF), and CSF-3 (also known as G-CSF) are also shown to be expressed by PCCs, leading to decreased concentrations of anti-tumor dendritic cells and increased concentrations of immune suppressive cells within the TME (25, 26). The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is neoplasm.