MUC1 and cancer: Figure 3, corresponding with Tables 3 and 4, systematically outlines a variety of immunotherapy methods targeting MUC1 and MUC16, including direct inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, vaccination strategies, and cellular treatments, thus clarifying their application in cancer therapy. Clinical trials pertinent to these antigens, encompassing patient cohorts and therapeutic outcomes, are detailed in Table 5, offering a comprehensive view of current advancements in immunotherapy research.