However, both proteins equivalently inhibited glucose deprivation-induced autophagy in VHL-deficient ccRCC cells (Fig. 1C–F; Appendix Fig. S1D) and reduced lysosomal inhibitor chloroquine (CQ)-increased LC3B expression (Fig. 1F; Appendix Fig. S1D), suggesting that VHL inhibits initiation of autophagy rather than lysosomal activity-dependent degradation of autophagosome components. Here, VHL is linked to nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.