The AHR activation suppresses NF-κB signaling and inhibits CNS inflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse models of multiple sclerosis.247,248 In addition, the administration of indole-3-propionic acid attenuated the activity of neurotoxic reactive A1 astrocytes in a mouse model of ischemic stroke.249 Furthermore, the gut microbiota is involved in restricting neuroinflammation by promoting anti-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-positive (TRAIL+) astrocytes and inducing T-cell apoptosis via TRAIL-death receptor 5 (DR5) signaling.250. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and multiple sclerosis.