TNF and neoplasm: In addition, chemokines and cytokines such as; TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, hepatocyte growth factor, Interferon-alpha (IFN-α), CCL-1, CCL-20, and CCL-25 promote tumor growth and replication by activating diverse-signaling pathways such as; phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K/AKT), the mitogen-activated protein kinase /extracellular signal-regulated kinase MAPK/ERK 1/2, and the nuclear factor-kappa-β (NF-kB) pathways (Table 1), all of which are involved in cell proliferation, survival, and metastasis [63–66].