The ischemia–reperfusion lung model implicates JNK1/2 and p38 MAPK in HO-1 expression [98], and in various cell types, p38 MAPK activation upregulates HO-1, as observed in porcine renal epithelial cells and human hepatoma cells stimulated by curcumin [93, 99]. The gene discussed is HMOX1; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.