Differentially expressed genes that were upregulated in AT2s and alveolar macrophages in AATD were enriched for Hallmark gene sets associated with inflammatory signaling (“tumor necrosis factor α [TNFα] signaling via nuclear factor kappaB [NFkB]”, “IL-2/STAT5 Signaling”, “IL-6/JAK/STAT3 Signaling”) as well as the “Unfolded Protein Response” (Fig 2A-C, E-G). This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency.