NPPB and heart failure: Cumulative incidence curves, Figures 1, –3, show substantial differences in the direction and strength of the associations between each of the endpoints (that is, ACM, CVE, and heart failure) and a positive diagnostic test (that is, elevated BNP, LVH on ECG, LVH on echocardiogram, and LVH on ECG and/or echocardiography).