Spinal cords of sporadic ALS patients were found to have significant upregulation of IRE1, PERK and ATF6 compared to controls without neurological disease [10], as well as increased expressions of ATF4 and XBP-1, which are downstream from PERK and IRE1 respectively [11, 12]. This evidence concerns the gene XBP1 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.