TNF and systemic lupus erythematosus: To asses how our skewed cytokine production in vitro may reflect the in vivo production of cytokines and chemokines in the skin, we generated modules reflecting the cytokine stimulations of the cultured fibroblasts in Figure 2, using genes that had a cytokine-induced effect that skewed higher for SLE samples (when compared with healthy controls) or higher for healthy control samples (when compared with SLE) for TGF-β, IFN-α, and TNF-α (Supplemental Table 3).