TNFSF4 and neoplasm: Lai et al. demonstrated that delivery of IL-12 mRNA in nanovesicles reduced tumor burden and prolonged survival of transgenic MYC-induced HCC mice.56 This effect was also associated with a shift toward a more anti-tumor immune microenvironment with increases in T helper cells and IFNγ expression.56 Similar effects were seen with mRNA for OX40L encapsulated nanovesicles.57 Overall, lipid nanoparticles provide an efficient platform to deliver both chemotherapeutics and gene therapy at subtoxic doses with high efficiency and stability.44,53