TNF and tuberculosis: Our findings revealed that UEVs obtained during the first trimester from women with PB exhibited significantly heightened levels of M1 cytokines TNFα (p = 0.004), MCP-1 (p = 0.003), and IP-10 (p = 0.036), Th1 cytokines IL-12 (p = 0.045) and IFNγ (p = 0.030), and Th17 cytokines IL-6 (p = 0.041) and IL-17A (p = 0.001), compared to those from women with TB (Table 3).