TNF and Abnormal renal physiology: Daily oral administration of SA (20 mg/kg) for 14 days amelioratedcardiac fibrosis by reducing collagen accumulation and fibrosis-relatedinflammatory signals, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6.In db/db mice, SA (5,10, and 20 mg/kg per day for 8 weeks) dose-dependentlyalleviated lipid metabolism impairment and renal dysfunction whenadministered orally.