MTOR and breast cancer: Previous studies demonstrated that activation of the RAF1 signal promotes autophagy.46 Interestingly, ERK 1/2 is upregulated in response to mTOR signaling, while mTOR was shown to inhibit autophagy.47 Therefore, we investigated the effect of pimozide on autophagy in breast cancer cells and found that pimozide promoted autophagy in breast cancer cells.