VCAM1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A study in patients with type 2 diabetes and peripheral arterial disease demonstrated that mesoglycan inhibits the production of markers of endothelial damage, including MMP-2, MMP-9, soluble E-selection, TNF-α, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (s-VCAM-1), and interleukin-6, with statistically significant differences compared with baseline and placebo [64].