HSF1 and infection: To identify a non-ACE2 SARS-CoV-2 receptor, we established Synergistic Activation Mediator (SAM) library screening35,36 in HeLa cells previously shown to be tolerant to SARS-CoV-2 infection due to the inherent low level of ACE2.15 This SAM library contains over 70920 gRNAs for 23430 human genes.35,36 We prepared MPH lentivirus expressing MS2-p65-HSF1 to infect HeLa cells at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10, after which cells were subjected to hygromycin (200 μg/ml) selection for 14 days (Fig. 1a).